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Tuesday, June 09, 2009
Courts - More on the Massey Coal ruling
Updating this ILB entry from yesterday, Howard Bashman of How Appealing has collected together a long list of stories today on the ruling - access it here.
Here are some quotes from Warren Richey's story in The Christian Science Monitor:
Washington - The US Supreme Court has established a broad, new constitutional standard requiring judges to step aside in cases involving a perceived probability of judicial bias.Dahlia Lithwick, jurisprudence columnist for Slate, has a column today headed "The Great Caperton CaperThe Supreme Court talks about judicial bias. Kinda."The 5-to-4 decision was announced on Monday in a case involving a justice on the West Virginia Supreme Court.
Justice Brent Benjamin had refused to step aside in a case involving a company that spent $3 million to help defeat an incumbent justice, whose seat was filled by Justice Benjamin.
The Supreme Court ruled that Benjamin violated the due process rights of the litigants before the West Virginia high court when he declined to recuse himself in that case.
The majority justices on the US high court viewed the company's independent campaign expenditure as a significant factor in Benjamin's electoral success. They concluded the effort created a perception of a "probability of actual bias" when the company later appeared before Benjamin and the other justices.
"Just as no man is allowed to be a judge in his own cause, similar fears of bias can arise when – without the consent of the other parties – a man chooses the judge in his own cause," Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote in the majority opinion.
In a dissent, Chief Justice John Roberts warned that the decision unleashes an ill-defined standard upon America's judiciary, requiring judges to step aside whenever someone perceives a "probability of bias."
"This will inevitably lead to an increase in allegations that judges are biased, however groundless those charges may be," the chief justice said. "The end result will do far more to erode public confidence in judicial impartiality than an isolated failure to recuse in a particular case."
The case, Caperton v. Massey Coal Company, was being closely followed because it offered the justices the opportunity to address the issue of when judges must step aside and decline to hear a case because of potential or perceived conflicts of interest.
It arises at a time when many judicial elections in the United States are being swamped with millions of dollars in special-interest campaign money that some analysts say threatens to undercut public confidence in the judiciary.
The case is well known for another reason. It was the real-life inspiration for John Grisham's bestselling 2008 legal thriller, "The Appeal."
Under the federal judicial system and in some states, judges are appointed and serve for life. But in 39 states, judges must run for office and stand for election to retain their seat.
During such elections, judicial candidates can accept financial contributions from the public, including parties that might later appear before them as lawyers, plaintiffs, or defendants. In addition, sitting judges who have ruled in controversial cases may find themselves targeted by groups, companies, or individuals seeking their removal from the bench.
All those issues play a role in the Caperton case. * * *
Justice Kennedy said in his opinion that the facts in the West Virginia case were extreme. He said the new constitutional standard announced by the court would come into play only rarely. "Most disputes over disqualification will be resolved without resort to the Constitution," he said.
Chief Justice Roberts disagreed. His dissent includes 40 questions raised by the majority ruling. Among them: "How much money is too much money?" and "Does the judge get to respond to the allegation that he is probably biased, or is his reputation solely in the hands of the parties to the case?"
Roberts continues: "Today's opinion requires state and federal judges simultaneously to act as political scientists (why did candidate X win the election?), economists (was the financial support disproportionate?), and psychologists (is there likely to be a debt of gratitude?)."
Kennedy said the majority justices did not question Benjamin's own subjective determination that he had acted properly and with fairness. But the Supreme Court was now applying an objective test.
"We conclude that there is a serious risk of actual bias – based on objective and reasonable perceptions – when a person with a personal stake in a particular case had a significant and disproportionate influence in placing the judge on the case by raising funds or directing the judge's election campaign when the case was pending or imminent," Kennedy wrote.
The inquiry, he said, must focus on the campaign contribution's size compared with the total spent in the election, and the apparent effect that the money had on the outcome of the election.
"Applying this principle," Kennedy said, "we conclude that Blankenship's campaign efforts had a significant and disproportionate influence in placing Justice Benjamin on the case."
In a separate dissent, Justice Antonin Scalia said the relevant question is whether the court does more good than harm by expanding a constitutional mandate for recusal "in a manner ungoverned by any [discernible] rule."
Posted by Marcia Oddi on June 9, 2009 10:01 AM
Posted to Courts in general